Bruit thermique et dissipation visqueuse d’un microlevier

P. Paolino and L. Bellon, poster presented in the 11ème forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Hardelot, France 16-19 mars 2009.

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Nous introduisons un cadre théorique simple pour prédire le bruit thermique d’un microlevier dans un fluide visqueux : nous utilisons l’approche de Sader pour décrire l’effet du fluide environnant (masse ajoutée et traînée visqueuse) et le Théorème Fluctuation-Dissipation appliqué aux modes propres de vibrations du système pour dériver une expression générique du spectre des fluctuations thermiques. Cette prédiction est comparée à une mesure expérimentale sur un levier commercial de microscopie à force atomique dans une gamme de fréquence couvrant les  premières résonances. Un excellent accord est obtenu sur l’ensemble du spectre, avec pour seul paramètre ajustable l’épaisseur du microlevier. En utilisant les relations de Kramers-Kronig, nous reconstruisons également la fonction réponse mécanique complète du levier et démontrons la pertinence du modèle de Sader en dehors des résonances.

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Bruit thermique et dissipation d’un microlevier

Pierdomenico Paolino, PhD Thesis, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (2008)

hal: tel-00423692

 En microscopie à force atomique (AFM), l’étude des échantillons est réalisée à l’aide d’une pointe montée sur un microlevier. Le coeur de la technique est la mesure de la force d’interaction pointe-surface, directement proportionnelle à la déflexion du levier. Plus généralement, la compréhension profonde des propriétés mécaniques des microstructures joue un rôle significatif dans le développement des microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS), ou encore de capteurs chimiques ou biologiques miniatures.

Au delà du dispositif traditionnel de mesure de déflexion angulaire, nous avons conçu et réalisé un AFM avec une détection interférométrique différentielle (entre la base encastrée et l’extrémité libre du levier). La résolution ultime est de 10-14 m/Hz1/2, la mesure est de plus intrinsèquement calibrée, indifférente aux dérives thermiques lentes et sans limitation de la plage d’amplitude de la déflexion. 

Grâce à notre dispositif, nous mesurons le bruit thermique le long du levier. Une reconstruction de la forme spatiale des quatre premiers modes propres en flexion révèle un excellent accord avec le modèle de poutre de Euler-Bernoulli. Un ajustement simultané sur les quatre résonances thermiquement excitées est réalisé à l’aide d’un seul paramètre libre : la raideur du levier, qui est ainsi mesurée avec une grande précision et robustesse. 

Les fluctuations thermiques de déflexion à basse fréquence démontrent qu’un modèle d’oscillateur harmonique avec dissipation visqueuse n’est plus pertinent hors résonance. De plus, on observe des différences substantielles entre les leviers avec et sans revêtement métallique. Pour ces derniers, l’approche hydrodynamique de Sader rend compte fidèlement du comportement des fluctuations en dessous de la résonance dans l’air. La présence du revêtement introduit une deuxième source de dissipation : la viscoélasticité. Elle se manifeste comme un bruit en 1/f à basse fréquence. L’utilisation du Théorème Fluctuation-Dissipation (TFD) et des relations de Kramers-Kronig permettent une caractérisation complète de la réponse du levier à l’aide des spectres de fluctuations. Une estimation quantitative de la viscoélasticité et de sa dépendance en fréquence est notamment obtenue.

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Thermal noise of microcantilevers in viscous fluids

L. Bellon, Journal of Applied Physics 104, 104906 (2008)

doi: 10.1063/1.3021102

We present a simple theoretical framework to describe the thermal noise of a microscopic mechanical beam in a viscous fluid: we use the Sader approach to describe the effect of thesurrounding fluid (added mass and viscous drag) and the fluctuation dissipation theorem for each flexural modes of the system to derive a general expression for the power spectrum density offluctuations. This prediction is compared with an experimental measurement on a commercial atomic force microscopy cantilever in a frequency range covering the two first resonances. A very good agreement is found on the whole spectrum, with no adjustable parameters but the thickness of the cantilever.

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Single beam interferometric angle measurement

P. Paolino and L. Bellon, Optics Communication 280 1-9 (2007)

doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2007.07.060

We present an application of a quadrature phase interferometer to the measurement of the angular position of a parallel laser beam with interferometric precision. In our experimental realization we reach a resolution of 6.8e-10 rad (1.4e-4 arcsec) for 1 kHz bandwidth in a 2e-2 rad (1 deg) range. This alternative to the optical lever technique features absolute calibration, independence of the sensitivity on the thermal drifts, and wide range of measurement at full accuracy.

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Coupling between aging and convective motion in a colloidal glass of Laponite

L. Bellon, M. Gibert and R. Hernandez, European Physical Journal B 55 101-107 (2007)

doi: 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00049-y

We study thermal convection in a colloidal glass of Laponite in formation. Low concentration preparation are submitted to destabilizing vertical temperature gradient, and present a gradual transition from a turbulent convective state to a steady conductive state as their viscosity increases. The time spent under convection is found to depend strongly on sample concentration, decreasing exponentially with mass fraction of colloidal particles. Moreover, at fixed concentration, it also depends slightly on the pattern selected by the Rayleigh Benard instability: more rolls maintain the convection state longer. This behavior can be interpreted with recent theoretical approaches of soft glassy material rheology.

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Thermal noise properties of two aging materials

L. Bellon, L. Buisson, M. Ciccotti, S. Ciliberto and F. Douarche, Jamming, Yielding, and Irreversible Deformation in Condensed Matter, M.-C.Miguel and M. Rubi (Eds.), Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Physics 688 23-52 (2006)

doi: 10.1007/3-540-33204-9_3

In this lecture we review several aspects of the thermal noise properties in two aging materials: a polymer and a colloidal glass. The measurements have been performed after a quench for the polymer and during the transition from a fluid-like to a solid-like state for the gel. Two kind of noise has been measured: the electrical noise and the mechanical noise. For both materials we have observed that the electric noise is characterized by a strong intermittency, which induces a large violation of the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) during the aging time, and may persist for several hours at low frequency. The statistics of these intermittent signals and their dependance on the quench speed for the polymer or on sample concentration for the gel are studied. The results are in a qualitative agreement with recent models of aging, that predict an intermittent dynamics. For the mechanical noise the results are unclear. In the polymer the mechanical thermal noise is still intermittent whereas for the gel the violation of FDT, if it exists, is extremely small.

Proceedings of the XIX Sitges Conference on Jammming, Yielding and Irreversible Deformation in Condensed Matter, Sitges, Spain, 14-18 June 2004.

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Electrical noise properties in aging materials

L. Buisson, M. Ciccotti, L. Bellon and S. Ciliberto, Fluctuations and Noise in Materials. Edited by D. Popovic, M. Weissman and Z. Racz. Proceedings of SPIE 5469 150-164 (2004)

doi: 10.1117/12.545381

The electric thermal noise has been measured in two aging materials, a colloidal suspension (Laponite) and a polymer (polycarbonate), presenting very slow relaxation towards equilibrium. The measurements have been performed during the transition from a. fluid-like to a. solid-like state for the gel and after a. quench for the polymer. For both materials we have observed that the electric noise is characterized by a strong intermittency, which induces a large violation of the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) during the aging time; and may persist for several hours at low frequency. The statistics of these intermittent signals and their dependance on the quench speed for the polymer or oil sample concentration for the gel are studied. The results are in a qualitative agreement with recent models of aging, that predict an intermittent dynamics.

Proceedings of the 2nd SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, Maspalomas, Spain, 26-28 may 2004.

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Mechanical forcing of the wake of a flat plate

M. Vial, L. Bellon and R. H. Hernandez, Experiments in Fluids 37 168-176 (2004)

doi: 10.1007/s00348-004-0796-0

We report experimental results of the forced wake of a thin symmetric flat plate, placed parallel to an uniform air stream, in the range of thickness-based Reynolds number 50< Re (e)<200. External wake forcing was introduced by small harmonic oscillations of a moving flap, placed at the trailing-edge of the flat plate. When the flap remains in a fixed horizontal position, the mean velocity profiles obtained by hot wire measurements, for different Reynolds numbers, are self similar. In the presence of harmonic forcing, within a certain range of the forcing frequency, the mean velocity profiles change and coherent structures are formed in the wake. Two independent flow-type resonances were observed: (i) when the inverse of the forcing frequency matches the flight time of the fluid particles along the flap. (ii) when the forcing frequency of the flap equals one half of the vortex shedding frequency of the flat plate and flap system. Implications of the two observed resonances on the wake structure are important. The first resonance (i) is associated to a wide but less intense (energy fluctuations) wake flow and the second resonance (ii) generates a thin but intense resultant wake flow.

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Intermittency in ageing

L. Buisson, L. Bellon and S. Ciliberto, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15 S1163-S1179 (2003)

doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/15/11/336

The fluctuation-dissipation relation is measured on the dielectric properties of a gel (Laponite) and of a polymer glass (polycarbonate). For the gel it is found that during the transition from a fluid-like to a solid-like state the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is strongly violated. The amplitude and the persistence time of this violation are decreasing functions of frequency. Around 1 Hz it may persist for several hours. A very similar behaviour is observed in polycarbonate after a quench below the glass transition temperature. In both cases the origin of this violation is a highly intermittent dynamics characterized by large fluctuations. The relevance of these results for recent models of ageing is discussed.

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